4th lesson தமிழர் கலைகள் part 3
In the walls of Tanjore big temple one can see the paintings of
dancing girls. From the minutely painted hairstyles,
decorations of these paintings we can understand the
importance given to these dancing girls at that time. Raja raja
chozhan appointed pathiyilar , best dancers from all over the
country doe the big temple. He gifted them one house and
around 6 acres of land. It is there in Thanjai stone
inscriptions. And in another stone inscription we learn that
Raja rajan gave the title ‘Sakkai Marayan’ to a dancer in
kamarasavalli village.
Later age
During the period of Nayakars, carnatic music started to
spread in TN. During that time North Indian books on dance
were translated into Tamil.
மகா்ாரத சூடாமணி, அபிநேதர்ப்ணம்,
அபிநேதர்ப்ண விைாெம், ்ரவராக தாளம்,
சுத்தானநதப பிரகாெம், ஆதிமூை ்ாரதம்,
்ரத ொத்திரம், ்ரத யெனா்திேம் முதலிே
வமாழிவ்ேர்ககப்ட்ட நடன நூல்கழள மா.
இராொணிககனார் ்ட்டிேலிடுகின்றைார்.
From early times Tamil people nurtures the Bharat Natyam
dance. It is dancing to the tune of music with expressions.
Hand postures are inevitable to this. As it was said by Ilango
Adigal, there are 2 types one hand posture and 2 hands
posture in it. ஒருழக முத்திழர இழணோ
விழனகழக என்றும், பிணடிகழக என்றும்
அழைககப்டுகின்றைது. இருழக முத்திழர
இழணகழக, இரட்ழடகழக, பிழணகழக
என்றும் அழைககப்டுகின்றைது. These
mudras(hand postures) are like life to Bharat Natyam.
Without understanding these mudras, it will be difficult to
understand and enjoy this dance.
From the period of Nomadic life, human beings expressed
their views through dances. We can learn about the greatness
of dance through literature, paintings and sculpture.
Folk arts
Folk sport is also one of folk arts. These sports consists of
qualities like, imitation of others, find the strength, expression
of knowledge, social relations, life training, thinking capability
and reveals culture. To establish body strength and mins
strength is its objective. ஏறுதழுவுதல் ( Control the ox)
running races are traditional sports and it is to show the
valour and strength.
Sports of Tamil nadu
விழளோட்டு என்்து விரும்பிோடும் ஆட்டு.
விழள - விருப்ம், ஆட்டு - ஆட்டம். தமிைர்
மரபில் சிறைபபிடம் வ்று்ழவ விழளோட்டுகள்.
வகடவரல், ்ணழண ஆகிே இரணடு
வழகோன விழளோட்டுகள் ்றறிவகடவரல்
்ணழண ஆயிரணடும் விழளோட்டு (வதால்.
உரி 21)
in Tholkappiyam. To do the act of protecting girls from
animals is called ‘kedavaral’and act like a farmer protecting
his land is called ‘pannai sport.
According to tholkappiyar, Happiness is the objective of sport.
Among 8 types of feelings, happiness can be attained through
4 ways. Thol- 255)
Tamil sports are all having common characteristic of playing
in 2 groups. No one should harm others depending on
winning or losing. Should think the suffering/ sorrow of
others as theirs, even if it is of opposite team. These are the
rules.
Pillaithamizh tells about the children’s 10 stages of growing. It
is divided into anparpillaithamizh and penparpillaithamish
for both boy and girl. Boys play siruparai,beating parai
(Drums) while playing and making chariot and play is called
siruther Sitril is (making house), Ammanai (sitting in round
and singing), Kazhangu (playing with stones), usal (playing in
swing) are the games for girls.
We can divide the Tn sports as per pillai thamizh. Generally boys play valour games.
Heroic sports
Sports and games make us cheerful, according to
Tholkappiyar. Heroic sports are played to risk one’s life. We
can name many folk sports like Eruthazhuvudal(to control
bull) Sadugudu ( kabadi )Silambattam (fighting with stick),
Ilavattakkal (lifting heavy stone) urimaram ( climbing a
wooden pole and win prizes) etc.
These games are classified in 2 categories. One is played
between man and animal, like parivettai (hunting)
Eruthazuvudal and another is played between man and man
like silambattam, pulivedam.
These sports improves the qualities like excitement, to attain
the target, self determination, group mentality, friendliness,
taking care of health in player’s life. Our ancestors knew this
and developed these kind of sports.
Eruthazhuvudal
Manju virattu or Eruthazhuvudal is one of the heroic sport. In
Mullaikkali there is a mention about Eruthazhuvudal. So it is
there for long.
To control the ox holding its hump or horn is called
Eruthazhuvudal. In later days golden coins were hung on ox’s
horns and one had to control the ox and win those coins. As
coins are called salli, it is called salli kattu.
It has vadi vasal, thitti vasal kind of parts and called as
வேலி
மஞ்சுவிரட்டு, வாடிவாசல் மஞ்சுவிரட்டு, வடம்
மஞ்சுவிரட்டு is played according to the region.
This sport is included in worshipping of local deities. If
measles like diseases spread and drought prevails, to eradicate
these things people pray to local gods that they will do Manju
virattu during pongal to please the god.
The ox/bull participate in the game is called sallimadu. They
train these bulls from the calf stage itself by showing towel
and irritating the calf. This is called urri kattudal
In this sport ox is decorated with anklets and chains in the
neck and legs, garland made with coins in forehead and small
chains in the horns. Those who take out the coins bag from
the decorated ox is the winner.
Silambattam
This is one of the folk games of TN. It is played with silambu
(wooden bars/sticks). Players fighting with bars and noises
are made with bars during this game. Noise also made with
metal weapons during the game.
One should rotate the silambu(bar) efficiently and elegantly to
win the enemy. Due to that rules anf regulations like war is
there in this game. Exercise, self protection and struggle are
the motive of this game. In Nadasari palm leaflet news
contains story about silambattam.
This game becomes artistic when the players rotate the bars
and dance while rotating. There are many ancient suvadu
methods for this silambattam. To beat the opponent’s varma
pulse/artery is called thattuvarmasuvadu
There are 2 types of game in this silambattam. Adichuppirivu
and puttuppirivu. Beat the opponen’s weak point and then
stopping it by the opponent is called adichuppirivu. And
locking the opponent with the hands and freeing that by
opponent is called puttupirivu.
In Kanyakumari district silambattam is played with passion
during festivals. Still now teacher re there for silambattam.
This game is an example of Tamil people’s valour and subtle
performance.
Sadugudu
Sadugudu is continuation of valour act performed in vetchi
karandai thinai. It was called as Kutti in Pandya kingdom,
Palichapilan, paleen sadugudu in Chozha kingdom, sadugudu
in southern chozha kingdom.
It is played 2 teams. One team player holding breath, singing
sadugudu words go to opponent’s side and return back
without anybody touching him. Catching of the player who
comes to their side by opposite team and relieving their hold
by the player is the playing method of this game. The player
holding breath is called pattam. The pattam player needs
individual valour and the opponents need group valour in this
game. It is called kabadi now a days.
In sanjeevi type of sadugudu, they won’t sent out the captured
player, but will count his name at the end. In adathu ozhiyum
attam, captured player will be ousted and won’t be included
till the end.
Ilavattakkal
Some scholars have the view that because of the old habit of
living with stones, it became the habit of human beings to
include stones in life and later man developed sports relating
to stone to test strength and valour.
It was played to marry a girl loved by him. Now it is played
during festivals.
During the game the player should life the heavy weighing
stone abovev his head and drop it on the floor. Village elders
will be judges for this game.
This game indicates that valour and strength of the groom i
important than his wealth.
Uri maram eruthal
To climb a wooden pole with out bark is called urimaram
eruthal. Udiyamaran thicker than the plam size is only used in
this game. The bark-less tree will be slippery and upon them
caster oil is applied. At the top of this oiled pole, they tie the
prizes. And they will erect the pole. The participants have to
climb this pole, and get the prizes in order to win the game.
Mountain people have the habit of climbing slippery rocks,
vertical rocks. When they settled in plains there was no need
for these kind of acts. So during festivals it is included as a
sport to show their abilities. It is widespread played in
Madurai region. Now they use iron poles.
Even games like katta vilayattu, pathinaintham puli,
natchathira vilayattu .... also called as valour games as it shows
the sharpness of mind.
Gilli
This folk/village sport is played by boys and men. இது
கில்லி, புல்லுக்குச்சி, கில்லிதாண்டு,
சில்லாங்குச்சி எனப் பல்வேறு பெயர்களில்
அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. It is played with 2 sticks, smaller
one is called gilli and longer one is called thaandal. Minimum
of 2 people is required to play this and if more people want to
play they can form 2 groups and play. The length of smaller
stick is 9 inches and longer stick is 18 inches. Both the ends of
smaller stick is sharpened and one end of longer stick is
sharpened. They dig 2 inch size pit on ground and keep that
smaller stick upon the pit. The danda is used to flick the short
gilli into the air, and hit again to make it travel to a maximum
distance. If the opponent player catches the gilli, or if it falls at
a longer distance the player is out. The opponent will throw
the gilli in to the pit. If it directly falls in to the pitch the
player is out. They get 3 chances to play. And they measure
the distance between the pit and the place where gilli fell. And
the team who pitched the gilli to longer distance is the winner.
They played games like கோலி, பேந்தா, அஞ்சல
குஞ்சம்,, நொண்டி விளையாட்டு, சில்லி,
தாயம், பரமபதம், ஆடுபுலியாட்டம்,
பூப்பறித்தல்,, கணணாம்மூச்சி, பல்லாங்குழி.
Pachai kuthirai
This is played by children of same age group. The first step in
this game starts with jumping over one’s leg. Then step by
step the opponent player increases his level and lastly the
player has to jump over the person who is bending before him.
Kal thandal
This is jumping over the legs. The opponent player will
increase the height step by step and the player without
touching his legs should jump over.
Al thandal
The player jumps over the person who is standing with
bending infront of him. The player can place his hands on the
opponent’s back and jump. Even in while bending also the
opponent can increase the height by standing from touching
the toes to standing by touching his thighs.
Kunuthal
The person who jumper over has to bend next for the others to
play.
Loser
Loser has to bend for others even if he loses.
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